Following Lincoln's assassination and particularly during the Andrew Johnson's presidency, the Radical Republicans largely influenced the direction of Reconstruction. The high point of their power was the impeachment of President Johnson which failed by one vote. They splintered as a political movement within the Republican party once Reconstruction ended in Thaddeus Stevens April 4, — August 11, Thaddeus Stevens was one of the main leaders of the Radical Republican faction in Congress during Reconstruction.
Stevens was an opponent of slavery before the war and after the war sought to secure the rights of the newly freed population in the former Confederacy. He was a political enemy of President Andrew Johnson and played a major role in bring about the failed impeachment proceedings against him.
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson by the Senate This was part of the power struggle between Johnson who sought highly lenient policies towards the former Confederate states and the Radical Republicans who wanted a harsher version of Reconstruction as well as more forceful protection of the rights of the newly freed southern black population. Ultimately the impeachment, which was not popular or supported by the general public, failed by one vote.
Ulysses S Grant April 27 - July 23 Ulysses S Grant was the supreme Union general during the civil war and then later 18th President of the United States. Grant was instrumental in the battlefield defeat of the Confederacy and then as President worked to implement Reconstruction. Joseph Rainey June 21, — August 1, He was also the first black presiding officer of the House of Representatives. Rainey was the Republican representative from South Carolina.
Gordon, a Louisiana slave who escaped to freedom in March Slavery is a legal and economic system where people are treated as property. Slavery in North America existed since settlement began in the 17th century. Within the United States, by the time of the start of the civil war slavery had become extinct in the northern states, defined largely as north of the Mason-Dixon line that forms the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland.
Slavery continued to exist in the south until put down by the Union Army and abolished officially by the 13th amendment to the Constitution in The international slave trade was ended by the British Navy in the early 19th century. Carpetbagger by Thomas Nast. Carpetbaggers was the term used to refere to Northerners who moved to the south during Reconstruction to profit from the situation in the territory.
The name was a referece to the carpet bag luggage that many of the Northerners used. Scalawags were Southern whites who supported the Republicans and the various policies of Reconstruction in the south. The name was originally a reference to low-grade farm animals. It has had three different manifestations in three different eras. And the Court affirmed them. With the federal government and civil society working in tandem, the gains of the Second Reconstruction could be more durable than those of the first.
Even so, the Second Reconstruction soon came to an end. Whereas the Compromise of marked the swift and dramatic demise of the First Reconstruction, the Second faded away slowly and quietly.
Federal programs were defunded and disbanded as cities deindustrialized. Adam Serwer: John Lewis was an American founder. Dog-whistle politics also came to prominence. Bush adviser, later admitted. With no Klan-initiated lynchings to point to, Black people could be hung out to dry. As the rightward shift in policy continued to clip the wings of the Second Reconstruction, racial inequality soared. The need for Reconstruction pressed upon the country once again.
Then came a herald: President Barack Obama. But it also showed promise—promise that the multiracial political coalition that Bayard Rustin wrote about was possible. Indeed, the Obama presidency could have marked the beginning of a Third Reconstruction.
While it did not meet its full potential substantively, it was big history that delivered rhetorically, and positioned his successor to lead the country to the apex of the mountain and toward the promised land. So what is needed for a successful Third Reconstruction? It might also entail direct investments in Black communities to guarantee stable housing, universal health care, and high-quality education, necessities for achieving a more inclusive economy and greater wealth parity.
Ibram X. Kendi: A house still divided. The unmitigated injury of slavery and racism did not end with abolition or the civil-rights era; instead, like interest on debt, its impact has compounded.
The upshot of this is that continued inaction and delay amount to opportunities lost, and will make racial justice ever more difficult to achieve. In addition, a Third Reconstruction will require many things, three of them vital: truth, reconciliation, and recompense. At no point in American history has there been a major national effort toward achieving any of these things separately, much less collectively. They considered success nothing less than a complete transformation of southern society.
Passed in Congress in July , the Wade-Davis Bill required that 50 percent of white males in rebel states swear a loyalty oath to the constitution and the union before they could convene state constitutional convents. The Wade-Davis Bill was never implemented. After the war was over, President Andrew Johnson returned most of the land to the former white slaveowners. Just 41 days before his assassination, the 16th President had used his second inaugural address to signal reconciliation between the north and south.
But the effort to bind these wounds through Reconstruction policies would be left to Vice President Andrew Johnson, who became President when Lincoln died. The plan also gave southern whites the power to reclaim property, with the exception of enslaved people and granted the states the right to start new governments with provisional governors.
The 13th amendment was the first of three Reconstruction amendments. March 2, Reconstruction Act of The Reconstruction Act of outlined the terms for readmission to representation of rebel states.
The bill divided the former Confederate states, except for Tennessee, into five military districts. Each state was required to write a new constitution, which needed to be approved by a majority of voters—including African Americans—in that state. In addition, each state was required to ratify the 13th and 14th amendments to the Constitution.
After meeting these criteria related to protecting the rights of African Americans and their property, the former Confederate states could gain full recognition and federal representation in Congress.
0コメント