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Analytics Analytics. During his period of exile Marius became determined that he would hold a seventh consulship, as foretold by the Sybil decades earlier. Marius declared Sulla's reforms and laws invalid and officially exiled Sulla. Marius and Cinna were elected consuls for the year 86 BC. Marius died a fortnight after, and Cinna was left in sole control of Rome. Asia was occupied by the forces of Mithridates under the command of Archelaus.
Sullas first target was Athens, ruled by a Mithridatic puppet; the tyrant Aristion. Sulla moved southeast, picking up supplies and reinforcements as he went. Sullas chief of staff was Lucullus, who went ahead of him to scout the way and negotiate with Bruttius Sura, the existing Roman commander in Greece. After speaking with Lucullus, Sura handed over the command of his troops to Sulla.
At Chaeronea, ambassadors from all the major cities of Greece except Athens met with Sulla, who impressed on them the Rome's determination to drive Mithridates from Greece and Asia Province. Sulla then advanced on Athens. On arrival, Sulla threw up a siege encompassing not only Athens but also the port of Piraeus.
At the time Archelaus had command of the sea, so Sulla sent Lucullus to raise a fleet from the remaining Roman allies in the eastern Mediterranean. His first objective was Piraeus, as without it Athens could not be re-supplied.
Huge earthworks were raised, isolating Athens and its port from the land side. Sulla needed wood, so he cut down everything, including the sacred groves of Greece, up to miles from Athens.
When more money was needed he borrowed from temples and Sybils alike. The currency minted from this treasure was to remain in circulation for centuries and prized for its quality. Despite the complete encirclement of Athens and its port, and several attempts by Archelaus to raise the siege, a stalemate seemed to have developed. Sulla, however, patiently bided his time. Soon Sulla's camp was to fill with refugees from Rome, fleeing the massacres of Marius and Cinna.
These also included his wife and children, as well as those of the Optimate party who had not been killed. Athens by now was starving, and grain was at famine levels in price. Inside the city, the population was reduced to eating shoe leather and grass. A delegation from Athens was sent to treat with Sulla, but instead of serious negotiations they expounded on the glory of their city.
Sulla sent them away saying: I was sent to Athens, not to take lessons, but to reduce rebels to obedience. His spies then informed him that Aristion was neglecting the Heptachalcum. Sulla immediately sent sappers to undermine the wall. Nine hundred feet of wall was brought down between the Sacred and Piraeic gates on the southwest side of the city. A midnight sack of Athens began, and after the taunts of Aristion, Sulla was not in a mood to be magnanimous.
Blood literally flowed in the streets, it was only after the entreaties of a couple of his Greek friends Midias and Calliphon and the pleas of the Roman Senators in his camp that Sulla decided enough was enough.
He then concentrated his forces on the Port of Pireaus and Archelaus, seeing his hopeless situation, withdrew to the citadel and then abandoned the port to join up with his forces under the command of Taxiles. Sulla, as yet not having a fleet, was powerless to prevent Archelaus escape. Before leaving Athens, he burnt the port to the ground. Sulla then advanced into Boeotia to take on Archelaus's armies and remove them from Greece.
It overlooked the Elatean plain and had plentiful supplies of wood and water. The army of Archelaus, presently commanded by Taxiles, had to approach from the north and proceed along the valley towards Chaeronea. Over , strong, it outnumbered Sulla's forces by at least 3 to 1. Archelaus was in favor of a policy of attrition with the Roman forces, but Taxiles had orders from Mithridates to attack at once. In the meantime, Sulla got his men digging. Next, Sulla occupied the ruined city of Parapotamii.
It was impregnable and commanded the fords on the road to Chaeronea. He then made a move that looked to Archelaus like a retreat. He abandoned the fords and moved in behind an entrenched palisade. Behind the palisade were the field artillery from the siege of Athens. Archelaus advanced across the fords and tried to outflank Sullas men, only to be hurled back on the Mithridatic right wing, causing even more confusion. Archelauss chariots then charged the Roman center, only to be destroyed on the palisades.
Next came the phalanxes: they too found the palisades impassable, added to the fact that they were receiving withering fire from the Roman field artillery.
Next Archelaus flung his right wing at the Roman left; Sulla, seeing the danger of this maneuver, raced over from the Roman right wing to help. Sulla stabilized the situation, at which point Archelaus flung in more troops from his right flank. This destabilized the Pontic army, giving it a slew towards its right flank.
Sulla dashed back to his own right wing and ordered the general advance. The legions, supported by cavalry, dashed forward and Archelaus army folded in on itself, like closing a pack of cards.
The slaughter was terrible, and some reports estimate that only 10, men of Mithridates' original army survived. Chaeronea was one of the great battles of history: Sulla had defeated a vastly superior force in terms of numbers; it was also the first recorded time that battlefield entrenchments were used. Flaccus had been given as second in command a certain Gaius Flavius Fimbria, an individual that history records had few virtues.
He was to eventually agitate against his commanding officer and incite the troops to murder Flaccus. In the meantime, the two Roman armies camped next to each other; and Sulla, not for the first time, encouraged his soldiers to spread dissension among Flaccus army. Many deserted to Sulla before Flaccus packed up and moved on north to threaten Mithridates northern dominions.
In the meantime, Sulla moved to intercept the new Pontic army. He chose the site of the battle to comeOrchomenos. Not only was it a natural place for a smaller army to meet a much larger one, due to its natural defenses, but it afforded Sulla the ideal terrain to expand on his innovative use of entrenchment. This time the Pontic army was in excess of ,, and it encamped itself in front of the busy Roman army, next to a large lake. It soon dawned on Archelaus what Sulla was up to. Sulla had not only been digging trenches but also dykes, and before long he had the Pontic army in deep trouble.
Desperate sallies by the Pontic forces were repulsed by the Romans and the dykes moved onward. On the second day, Archeleus made a determined effort to escape Sullas web of dykesthe entire Pontic army was hurled at the Romansbut the Roman legionaries were pressed together so tightly that their short swords were like an impenetrable barrier, through which the enemy could not escape. The battle turned into a rout; and once again the slaughter was on an immense scale.
Plutarch notes that two hundred years later, armor and weapons from the battle were still being found. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" B. He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. He was also notorious for his personal relationships and appearance. Sulla's last unusual act was his final political one.
Sulla was born into an impoverished patrician family but inherited wealth from a woman named Nicopolis and his stepmother, allowing him to enter the political ring cursus honorum.
During the Jugurthine War , in the first of a previously unheard of seven consulships, the Arpinum-born, novus homo Marius selected the aristocratic Sulla for his quaestor. Although the choice led to political conflict, it was wise militarily. Sulla resolved the war by persuading a neighboring African king to kidnap Jugurtha for the Romans. Even though there was friction between Sulla and Marius when Marius was awarded a triumph, based, at least to Sulla's point of view, on Sulla's own efforts, Sulla continued to serve under Marius.
The intense competition between the two men grew. Sulla settled the rebellion among Rome's Italian allies by 87 B. Marius persuaded the Senate to change Sulla's order. Sulla refused to obey, marching on Rome instead—an act of civil war. Installed in power at Rome , Sulla made Marius an outlaw and went to the East to deal with the king of Pontus.
Meanwhile, Marius marched on Rome, began a bloodbath, got revenge with proscriptions, and handed out confiscated property to his veterans. Marius died in 86 B.
E, not ending the turmoil in Rome. Sulla settled matters with Mithridates and returned to Rome where Pompey and Crassus joined him. Sulla won the Battle at the Colline Gate in 82 B. He ordered Marius' soldiers killed.
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